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一文了解:常见日本专利审查意见类型及与中国的差别
Time: 2026-04-22 Click count: 898
Part.1

常见日本专利审查意见类型

1、拒绝理由通知书(Rejections Notice)

初拒绝理由通知书:首次发出的审查意见,指出申请不符合专利法的原因,如新颖性、创造性、明确性等问题,要求申请人修改或陈述意见。

终拒绝理由通知书:针对申请人对初拒绝理由通知书的答复后,审查员发现新的或仍需解决的问题时发出,通常标注“后”,提示申请人这是后一次修改机会。

2、拒绝查定(Rejection Decision)

相当于驳回决定,当申请经多次审查仍不符合授权条件时,审查员发出拒绝查定,终止申请流程,申请人可在规定期限内(通常4个月)提出复审请求。

3、补正の却下の决定(Correction Rejection)

针对申请人提交的修改不符合规定的情况,如修改超出原始申请范围、未满足单一性要求等,审查员发出此通知,拒绝修改并可能伴随驳回决定。

4、特许査定(Grant Decision)

若申请符合专利法要求,审查员发出特许査定,通知申请人专利授权,进入专利登记和公告阶段。

5、审决(Appeal Decision)

在复审阶段,由日本复审委(审判部)作出的决定,可能包括授权或驳回,申请人对审决不服可向知识产权高等法院提起诉讼。

以上类型中,拒绝理由通知书和拒绝查定是实审阶段常见意见,补正の却下の决定和审决多出现在复审或修改阶段。

Part2

中日审查意见的差别

1、创造性判断标准与逻辑

中国:采用“三步法”判断创造性,即确定接近的现有技术、确定区别特征和实际解决的技术问题、判断对本领域技术人员是否显而易见。若发明能产生“预料不到的技术效果”(如技术效果质变或量变超出预期),即使未完全符合“三步法”,也可能被认定具备创造性。

日本:以“本领域普通技术人员能否容易想到本发明”为核心判断标准,不严格遵循“三步法”。审查员会综合考虑“否定创造性因素”(如公知常识、技术启示)和“肯定创造性因素”(如有益效果、技术障碍),若否定因素成立但肯定因素能推翻,仍可能认定发明具备创造性。

2、公知常识与举证责任

中国:审查员在引用公知常识否定创造性时,通常无需主动举证,仅在申请人提出异议时才需说明理由或提供证据。

日本:审查员负有举证责任,需在审查意见中明确说明为何区别技术特征属于公知常识或容易想到,避免滥用“公知常识”否定创造性。

3、审查意见表述与结构

中国:审查意见通知书通常较为简洁,重点在于指出权利要求与现有技术的差异及创造性问题,较少详细阐述推理过程。

日本:审查意见(尤其是“拒绝理由通知书”)会详细列出对比文件、区别技术特征及判断逻辑,明确说明为何发明被认为容易想到或缺乏创造性,结构更严谨。

4、修改限制与答复策略

中国:申请人在答复审查意见时,可在一定范围内修改权利要求,包括增加新特征(需符合单一性要求),但需确保修改不超出原始申请范围。

日本:在答复“拒绝理由通知书”时,仅允许对权利要求进行进一步限定(如缩小保护范围、澄清描述),禁止添加新技术特征;答复“拒绝查定”时,修改限制更严格,仅允许删除、缩小范围、改正错误或澄清含糊描述。

5、保护客体与审查范围

中国:对软件、商业方法等发明的保护客体认定相对严格,需明确体现技术手段解决技术问题并产生技术效果,否则可能不被视为可专利主题。

日本:对软件、信息处理等领域的发明保护范围更广,只要发明利用自然规律并具备技术思想,即使涉及商业逻辑或数据处理,也可能被认定为可专利客体。

综上,中日两国专利审查意见在创造性判断逻辑、举证责任、意见表述、修改限制及保护客体认定等方面存在差异,申请人需根据两国审查实践特点制定针对性的答复策略。


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